How Efficient are Engines: Thermodynamics and Combustion Efficiency

How efficient are engines? Combustion engines are stupefyingly inefficient. Most diesel engines do not even have a thermal efficiency of 50%. And, gasoline-powered vehicles are even more inefficient, considerably.

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Heat engine - Wikipedia

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Nissan claims 50% thermal efficiency, from engine for e-Power hybrid system

Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Video Tutorial & Practice

Response to the Comments: Fuel Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines

3.7 Brayton Cycle

Response to the Comments: Fuel Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines