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Green chemistry faces a major challenge imposed by the Sustainable Development Goals (6, 14 and 15) defined in the 2030 Agenda. In the case of cleaning products (detergents), the challenges often become a paradox: even if it is biodegradable, no surfactant is harmless to aquatic life. Compared to other studies in the field, this paper covers ultrasound–detergent interactions beyond the cavitation removal process. It also considers synergistic effects with regard to the initial wetting phase and final rinsing. It concludes that the best detergent–ultrasound combination is that which minimises receding and critical sliding angles. At the same time, detergent concentration should be reduced so as to just to capture grease in micelles and avoid reattachment during rinsing. In combination with ultrasound, the concentration of eco-detergents can thus be reduced by up to 10% of their nominal value while attaining the same results.

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European Journal of International Management

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